Tuesday, August 20, 2019

Tesla to Offer Solar Panel Rentals

has decided to do things a bit differently lately – the company is attempting to basically recover its plunging division. How does the prominent corporation intend to do this? The answer might seem all too obvious – ! 

Tesla recently decided to cut the cost of their solar panels. Why? It is a clear move in the corporation’s attempt to recover its solar panel business which has unfortunately weakened since acquiring . Where does this leave Tesla? Behind other residential solar companies, including Sunrun and Vivint Solar Inc. 

Solar Panels Without a Long-Term Contract 

Imagine being able to switch to solar panels without having to sign into a contract long-term. Many do not like the idea of longstanding contracts, period. For some, they realize they might change their mind down the road. Or they fear a change in the future could prevent them from being able to afford their bills. Tesla’s innovative idea will allow consumers to take advantage of solar panel packages without a long-term agreement. This concept is part of a relaunch that was recently announced by Elon Musk, Chief Executive. Is there a catch? Well, sort of. A customer could be billed $1,500 in the event that they want to opt out of the solar panel system and have said solar system removed. But is it still worth it?  

You might recall, if the rental idea sounds familiar, that SolarCity offered a leasing product purchased by Tesla in 2016 for $2.6 billion. The strategy was a good move in the sense that for SolarCity, it propelled growth, but on the other hand, the company had to borrow a great deal of money in order to support the concept.  

Telsa ultimately made outright sales a priority to increase profitability. It stopped marketing door to door and canceled a partnership with Home Depot Inc.  

Tesla’s Solar Relaunch 

The solar relaunch for Tesla is coming less than 30 days after the company reported a decline for the third consecutive quarter when it comes to solar installations. The smallest quarter so far was the second quarter in which just 29 megawatts was deployed. For comparison purposes, when SolarCity was at its height, it installed more than 200 megawatts over the course of just a three month period.  

As per senior solar analyst at Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables, , Tesla is attempting to rebound growth volumes and there is an obvious need for the company to demonstrate better financial management.  

Is the solar panel rental option a good one? Perhaps. Earlier this week, Tesla shares increased by more than 3 percent.  

What is included with the monthly payment plan for solar panels? It will cover the cost of solar installation, maintenance, and support. Avoiding upfront installation costs is certainly a perk. Six states in America, including New Jersey and Massachusetts, are offering the rental option for as little as $50 per month for small solar systems. California is offering the solar rental option as well, for $65 per month. Arizona, New Mexico, and Connecticut are on board and offering the solar rental plans also.  

Yes, overall it is financially a better move to buy, however, the rental option might be worth it for some. At the very least, if you are interested in solar installation, this might be something to consider. The rentals are cheaper and faster in terms of the onset.  

Do you have solar panels on your home? Do you notice signage for solar panel systems going up in your neighborhood, or have you seen them on some of the local, new construction homes? Clean is certainly something we all need to focus on for the future, especially as changes with our planet are becoming more and more apparent. We need to do more, and solar is one route to take – with the option of renting, it could be that more people end up going solar. Time will tell! Keep following solar news to stay up to date with the most recent changes and advancements taking place.  

Sources: 

https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-08-19/tesla-no-contract-solar-panel-rentals-with-a-catch 

https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/19/20812060/tesla-solar-panel-rental-subscription-price-lease-elon-musk-cancellation-fee 

 

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Solar Panels on Farmlands Help Increase Crop Yields 

One of the most debated topics within the community revolves around where the best locations on earth are to place . Researchers have constructed solar panels in parking lots, placed solar panels on roadways, and desert solar farms have even been tested and funded in certain parts of the world, including the Desert Sunlight Solar Farm in California.  

A recent study directly related to the best regions for solar panel function was released by the College of Sciences earlier this month. Researchers in the study aimed to discover which climate, temperature, and weather conditions benefit solar panel production the most. 

 : The Best of Both Worlds 

According to Elnaz Adeh and Chad Higgins, two of the primary researchers of the OSU solar panel study, the best places on Earth to place solar panels are on farmlands. Co-developing certain areas for both agricultural purposes and solar panel production is not a new concept. The term agrivoltaics has been around since the early 1980s and is a technique that uses one area of land for two purposes – one being agricultural and the other solar power.  

In addition to confirmation that farmlands are the best regions for solar panel efficiency, the study also found that if less 1% of agricultural land across the world were to share space with solar panels, this would be sufficient enough to meet global energy demands. 

Why Farmlands? 

Solar panel efficiency and overall energy output are greatly impacted by four environmental variables including wind speed, humidity, temperature, and overall sun exposure. These four factors were tested using the 35th Street Solar Array in Corvallis, Oregon, which has been located on the west side of the OSU campus since 2013.  

After analyzing data collected throughout the solar panel study, along with collaborative assistance from Tesla, OSU researchers stumbled upon the key to efficient solar panel production. According to Higgins, their research shows that solar panels have preferences that emulate those of humans – they function best in cool, breezy, and dry environments.  

Higgins stated in an interview with OSU that solar panel efficiency actually decreases when weather conditions are hot, humid, and lack airflow. Therefore, areas like western America, the Middle East, and southern Africa are slated to be the top regions for solar panel efficiency. The results of this study corroborate findings previously discovered in Agrivoltaic research. 

Agrivoltaics is a Win-Win 

Back in November of 2018, Adeh and Higgens tested crop yield output on fields that had solar panels placed on them. At the 35th Street Solar Array, microclimate research stations were utilized to record the air temperature, humidity, soil moisture, as well as wind speed and direction. 

After three months of testing, OSU researchers found that the areas shaded by solar panels grew double the amount of plant life compared to their uncovered counterparts. The nutritional value of the plant life also increased due to the optimal conditions of airflow, temperature, and overall climate.  

Higgins and his team theorize that certain plants thrive under the shady conditions provided by the solar panels because the plants are, in essence, less stressed. When plants are subjected to constant sun rays, their water intake will greatly increase. This can cause the plants to grow substantially until they die out. On the other hand, when certain plants are able to take advantage of the shade cover provided by the solar panels, they flourish. According to Higgins, the shaded plants need only sip water sparingly, rather than consume large amounts in desperation.  

Solar Power and Agriculture Working Together 

Researchers at OSU are now honing in on which plants will function best in an agrivoltaic set-up. So far, aloe vera, lettuce, tomatoes, biogas maize, and pasture grass have shown the most promise. Certain lettuce varieties, in particular, have been shown to produce greater yields in shade than in sunlight.  

With how promising these particular studies have been, we can hope to see more advocacy for agrivoltaics in the near future. Combining solar with agricultural production is the kind of forward-thinking focus our society needs to continue to create sustainable ways of living. Now that a mutual, symbiotic relationship between agricultural lands and solar panel placement has been established, we can expect to find solar panels popping up on farmlands soon. 

Read the original OSU study here: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47803-3 

Resources: 

https://kval.com/news/local/osu-study-solar-panels-on-1-of-farmland-could-meet-global-energy-demands 

https://today.oregonstate.edu/news/installing-solar-panels-agricultural-lands-maximizes-their-efficiency-new-study-shows 

Wednesday, August 14, 2019

Climate Change: Will it Impact What We Eat?

Have you noticed becoming more expensive? How much thought have you put into the possibility of it becoming scarce? could lead to grocery costs going up, food becoming limited, and crops taking a loss when it comes to their nutritious value. This is according to United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and a noteworthy article on land use they recently released. The information is certainly alarming and worth looking into. Read on for more details on how climate change is anticipated to impact what we eat.  

Climate Change and Crops 

The sad reality is that today, we are seeing signs of the all across the planet. And climate change is anticipated to modify the types of crops which farmers are able to grow. How? In some places, the climate will be too hot. In others, there will be more moisture, more snow and more flooding – of course, these factors will limit the types of crops able to be grown. Climate change is certainly concerning. 

Pamela McElwee, an author of the report from United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, discussed how there is a time limit when it comes to keeping warming to less than 2 degrees. McElwee is an associate professor at Rutgers University.  

In accordance with the same climate change report, nutrition in foods could weaken, too. For instance, wheat which is grown at high carbon dioxide levels would potentially provide up to 13 percent less protein and up to 8 percent less iron. Experiments were done to verify this. Another author of the report, senior research scientist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Cynthia Rosenzweig, discussed studying different foods and outcomes. She mentioned that the strain is already visible on food systems.  

Climate Change Impacting Food Impacts Our Health 

Obviously, numerous problems would come up if climate change were to impact the food we eat. From chronic disease to the inability to function at the level one is able to when receiving proper nourishment, food scarcity, and a decrease in nutrition in what is available would be very alarming. Climate change impacting food impacts our health – we can’t deny this.  

There has been overall progress in terms of enough food being available, according to the US Department of Agriculture. However, climate change could set us back.  

Due to climate change, 1 percent of food calories are lost on a yearly basis. If this doesn’t sound like much to you, look at it this way – there has been a reduction of 35 trillion calories each year already. The numbers are substantial. This is according to a study published earlier this year which monitored production of global crops such as rice, soybean, barley, wheat and sugarcane. 

Imagine removing food calories for 50 million persons across the globe. Well, senior scientist with the University of Minnesota Institute – Environment’s Global Landscapes Initiative, , discussed that this is already happening. ”Drawing down” on carbon emissions is key. Climate change is a very real concern. 

Climate change effects different places in different ways, as per Ray. In terms of food production being negatively impacted, places like Southern Africa, Europe, Australia and South Asia are feeling it the most. The United States is feeling it, too, specifically in places such as Illinois, where there has been a reduction in corn yield.  

Lewis Ziska, plant physiologist, was a contributor to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report. He found, in working with the US Department of Agriculture, that CO2 levels rising could negatively affect the nutritional value of crops. Other impacted areas include floral development, which in turn negatively impacts bees and butterflies. There are serious risks with climate change when it comes to food. 

We need to do our part to lessen the impact of climate change. We need to take climate change seriously because it is and will continue to impact the food we eat. Consider small things that can be done in day to day life to make a difference for our planet, even if each change feels small. Taking action is key – we can’t just sit back and watch our planet suffer due to climate change.   

Sources: 

https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/09/health/ipcc-report-food-security-climate-scn/index.html 

https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/09/opinion/climate-change-food-report.html 

Thursday, August 8, 2019

Climate Change and the 2019 Democratic Debate

Last month, the presidential primary debates for the kicked off in a two-night event in Miami, Florida. Among many hot button issues that were discussed, was among them. While some criticize that the topic of climate change was not given enough attention, others are hopeful that more emphasis will be placed on climate change policy in the coming months. 

Potential candidates from any political affiliation no longer have the luxury to push aside or ignore that something must be done about climate change once and for all. However, finding the right solution may prove to be more difficult than getting politicians and the public to care about climate change in the first place. 

Tensions Over the  and  

Disagreements among the candidates were noted particularly when it came to the topic of the Green New Deal. Representatives such as Senator Elizabeth Warren (D-MA) and Senator Bernie Sanders (I-VT) support the Green New Deal. Others like former Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper and former Maryland Representative John Delaney, are against the Green New Deal. Delaney’s biggest criticism of the Green New Deal is that the plan ties its progress to other issues that are unrelated to climate change, such as universal health care. Sanders argued back at this, stating that he is, “tired of Democrats afraid of big ideas,” and that the industry is committing a massive criminal offense by destroying the planet for profit. According to Sanders, something drastic must be done. 

In response to Sanders’ rhetoric, Montana Governor Steve Bullock stated that Sanders’ unwavering focus on abolishing fossil fuels could be a potential turn off to voters in the industry from supporting the Democratic Party.  

Additionally, Bullock remarked that those in the fossil fuel industry have spent their lives powering the country up until now. Reorganizing an entire industry without the proper plans in place could backfire on the Democratic Party if the Green New Deal is to move forward in its entirety. 

Sanders responded by saying that he is not anti-worker and that any employees pushed out of the fossil fuel industry will be supported and transitioned into new jobs. How Sanders plans to make this guarantee an actuality is still unclear. According to his campaign website, there is little information other than a consistent echo of “thousands of good paying jobs will be created” once the transition from fossil fuels to a widespread, renewable system takes place. With no detailed outline for how thousands, if not millions, of workers will survive financially and economically during this transition, it is understandable why Governor Steve Bullock and others vying for the Democratic nomination are apprehensive about Senator Sanders’ bold claims.  

Socialism as a Solution – or a Set Back? 

Former Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper stated during the debate that the policies being supported by his fellow Democrats in the Green New Deal border on socialism. Hickenlooper stated that we simply “can’t promise every American a government job,” and that demonizing fossil fuel and oil companies is not the way to solve climate change. According to Hickenlooper, socialist tendencies and similar ideologies will not bring about a sustainable solution.  

Climate Change Policy Proposals Released This Year 

Just this past May, former Vice President Joe Biden released a “middle ground” approach to fighting climate change, which faced heavy criticism almost immediately despite coinciding some of its plans with the Green New Deal. Senator Sanders, Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY), and environmental activists across the nation spoke out against Biden’s climate change plan. The most prevalent criticisms expressed that we cannot afford to take a middle ground approach when it comes to climate change. According to most Democratic nominee hopefuls, more aggressive action is needed if we are to avoid catastrophic conditions on Earth as climate change continues to worsen. 

Senator Kristen Gillibrand (D-NY) also released a climate change proposal this year back on July 25. Her plan highlights what many of the other Democratic presidential candidates also support, including a 10 trillion-dollar investment into clean energy, a goal of net-zero emissions by 2050, and a “just transition for workers that may lose their jobs in the process.” 

Moving Forward to Fight Climate Change 

To continue the climate change discussion that began during the Democratic presidential candidate debates, CNN plans to host a Democratic presidential town hall event on September 4. Only eight of the candidates that met the Democratic Nation Committee’s polling threshold will be invited. It is anticipated that more detailed plans of how the candidates plan to fight climate change will be revealed. 

Resources: 

https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01082019/2020-presidential-debate-climate-change-question-democrats-green-new-deal-global-warming 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/democratic-hopefuls-clash-on-climate-action-during-debate/ 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/second-democratic-debate-highlights-divergence-on-green-new-deal/ 

https://www.vox.com/2019/6/25/18715447/green-new-deal-climate-change-first-democrat-debate 

Wednesday, August 7, 2019

Amazon Announces New Solar and Wind Projects

 recently announced that it will invest in a brand new and wind project in both and the United States. Production is expected to start in 2020. And the details are quite impressive!  

In Cork, Ireland, a wind farm is anticipated to generate a great deal of each year – to the tune of 68,000–megawatt hours – this is equal to just over 23 MW of capacity. Out in Pittsylvania County, will be a solar farm capable of producing 100,000 MWh of energy per year – this is equal to 45 MW of capacity. The numbers are certainly impressive. For the record, when discussing capacity, one is referring to the total amount that can be produced by installations rather than what is currently being generated.  

Amazon’s Solar Projects Are Changing the World 

Amazon’s solar projects are currently making some huge, much-needed changes for our planet. The additions of the aforementioned solar and wind projects are going to bring the total number of renewable energy projects for Amazon up to 66. Data centers for Amazon Web Services will benefit from the energy supplied. And you might be impressed to read that solar projects for Amazon in the U.S. alone have counterbalanced the equivalent of 200 million miles worth of deliveries by truck thanks to the amount of carbon dioxide being offset.  

, director of sustainability for Amazon, discussed in a statement how important it is to address our carbon footprint on a global level, and investments in clean energy such as wind and solar are a major step in doing this. Hurst mentioned that Amazon will keep investing in similar projects. She recognizes the importance of reducing climate change induced by humans when possible. Clearly, this is a forward-thinking company committed to the future of our planet.  

Again, Amazon now has a total of 66 renewable energy projects (including solar) globally – it just so happens that 51 of these projects encompass solar rooftops. The total capacity for Amazon’s renewable energy projects is admirable – they can deliver more than 3.9 million MWh of energy on an annual basis.   

In Ireland, a wants to see 70 percent of electricity come from renewable sources (such as solar energy) over the course of the next decade, by 2030. Ireland’s Minister for Communications, Climate Action and Environment, Richard Bruton, discussed the importance of industry leadership in reaching this goal. There is no doubt that Ireland is making strides toward becoming a clean energy leader.  

Other Major Companies Going Solar 

Amazon isn’t the only major company going solar and taking advantage of renewable energy. Other companies are doing the same thing. In accordance with the Solar Energy Industries Association, has the most installed solar capacity in the United States. In the 2018 Solar Means Business Report, on-site and off-site solar installations were looked at. The top spot went to Apple. Their Cupertino, CA headquarters happens to be powered by 100 percent renewable energy, from sources such as biogas fuel cells and solar installations. Specifically, the company has more than 393 MW of installed capacity, including 17 MW of rooftop solar installations. 

Other companies on the list included , Target, and Google. Target was one of the top three according to the Solar Energy Industries Association, with just over 242 MW of installed solar capacity. 

Corporate Solar Adoption is Clearly Growing 

As per the Solar Energy Industries Association, corporate solar adoption is increasing. The numbers over the last few years have been quite impressive. As a matter of fact, since 2016, more than half of the total capacity has been installed in the United States.  

It is always fascinating to learn about the latest solar and wind projects. Staying up to date regarding solar news offers hope that there are both individuals and organizations that care about making a positive difference for the health of our planet. Consider differences that could be made on a smaller-scale regarding clean energy solutions. If we all make an effort, we can make a huge impact on our planet.  

Sources: 

https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/02/amazon-announces-new-renewable-energy-projects-in-the-us-and-ireland.html 

https://cleantechnica.com/2019/08/06/amazon-increases-global-renewable-energy-projects-to-66-including-51-solar-rooftops/ 

Thursday, August 1, 2019

Solar Roads: Disappointing Outcomes from Around the World

Innovators in the field have long since been trying to integrate in with the items we use every day. With everything from solar cars to solar blinds, it is becoming more and more common to see solar panels meshed right into the fabric of our daily lives. Since not every home or building structure can accommodate traditional solar panels, finding creative ways to get solar energy to consumers has been a necessary challenge.  

Among the triumphs to emerge from the solar energy community in the last decade or so, there have also been some major disappointments. In particular, the world’s first  has proven to be a complete failure.  

France’s Solar Road 

When the solar road in Normandy Village in France first opened in December of 2016 with the help of Wattway, there were high hopes for the project. Initially, a one-kilometer stretch of road (around 0.6 miles) was used to set up this solar-powered highway. Overall, the project was anticipated to cover nearly 1,000 kilometers (about 620 miles) of road by the time of its completion. However, now that testing results from the solar road have been reviewed and released, further construction on this mammoth solar project may be on hold. 

Falling Short of Expectations 

The initial one-kilometer stretch of solar road was predicted to generate enough solar power to provide for at least 5,000 homes. If the solar road project is completed in its entirety, the 1,000-kilometer stretch could provide solar power for up to 5 million homes. Unfortunately, the solar road started experiencing issues almost immediately, much to the dismay of supporters and proponents of the solar road. 

According to an organization called Global Construction Review, it was determined that the solar panels placed on the road are not nearly as resilient as they should be. Shortly after the solar panels were installed, they began to degrade, peel away, and splinter. A portion of the road was even removed after being damaged beyond repair.  

Global Construction Review stated in their report that the engineers of the solar road did not account for the wear and tear on the road from things like heavy trucks and trailers, natural weather conditions, and mold. The solar road is also much less efficient than originally anticipated, only generating 149,459-kilowatt-hours per year. Initial estimates stated that the solar road would generate up to 790-kilowatt-hours per day. This equates to nearly 288,350-kilowatt-hours per year, making the solar road panels even less efficient than regular, freestanding solar panels.  

Solar Road Struggles Worldwide 

The solar roadway in France is just one of several attempts that have been made to create viable . In the United States, a portion of a roadway near Route 66 was paved in solar panels by the Missouri Department of Transportation. Like the France solar roadway, this project also proved to be impractical and inefficient. China also made the same attempt with a one-kilometer stretch of road, but found that the solar road did not generate enough power to be deemed viable as a long-term solution. 

In the Netherlands in 2015, a solar pathway was constructed for bikes and pedestrians. The SolaRoad was anticipated to do well in terms of longevity, thanks to the absence of any vehicles. However, while the solar path has durability, it lacks sustainability. It is estimated that the costs to build the bike path could have purchased 520,000 kilowatts of electricity. For such a large investment, the solar path only brought a return of 3,000 kilowatts during its first year. 

Is There Any Hope for Solar Roads? 

Overall, things are not looking too good for solar roads. We have yet to see a company construct a solar road or pathway that is both cost-effective, practical for widespread use, and durable. Not to mention, the solar road needs to generate enough clean energy to surrounding cities and residences if they are to be worth constructing in the first place. So far, we have seen a lot of money thrown at solar roads with little return. Until we can find a way to match costs and efficiency with energy output and durability, it is unlikely that we will see solar roads in our towns and cities any time soon.  

Resources: 

https://www.cleanenergyauthority.com/blog/whats-happening-solar-roads-01162018 

https://www.curbed.com/2019/7/25/8929870/france-solar-roadway-experiment-normandy 

 

Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Scientific Consensus: Global Warming Is Happening

There is no more doubting or questioning it – is happening according to scientific consensus, which claims humans are the cause. As a matter of fact, as per the head author on an influential study on global warming, the notion that people are the cause potentially passed 99 percent. This number could actually increase once doubts are cleared up through additional research.  

Global Warming Can No Longer Be Denied  

All-encompassing historical data was utilized to demonstrate (in three studies presented by ) that over the last 2,000 years, there has never been a period of time when temperature variations have been as quick as they have been in recent decades. Today, the negative impacts of global warming we have been warned about are very apparent. Global warming can no longer be denied.  

It was formerly believed that equally intense global warming-related changes could have taken place in the past, for instance, in the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age periods. However, based on the three previously mentioned studies, certain shifts would not have occurred in more than half the planet at any particular time. These studies utilized reconstructions which were based upon 700 proxy registers of temperature alterations, such as ice, sediment, and trees from all continents.  

Evidence of Global Warming 

You likely have heard of the heatwave happening this summer in Europe. Let’s go back to the Little Ice Age (1300 to 1850). The 15th century is when this period reached an extreme point in the Pacific Ocean. In the 17th century, it reached an extreme point in Europe. But since the late 20th century, records have been broken each year across the planet. The heatwave in Europe is just one example of global warming at play. If one wants evidence of global warming, all they have to do is look at the current temperatures.  

What has caused significant temperature shifts in recent history? One of the studies says volcanic eruptions have been a main cause. This would explain global fluctuations which took place during the first part of the 18th century, when the world transitioned from one which was volcanically chilled to one with a warmer climate due to human emissions. A study mentions how this has become very clear since the late 20th century, as temperatures have gone up fast over the course of 20 years – as a matter of fact, they have risen the most rapidly in this amount of time over the last two thousand years.   

Industrial emissions have caused uncommon warming temperatures, in line with the authors of these studies.  

The University of Bern and the Pages 2K consortium of climate scientists, Stefan Brönnimann, mentioned how there is not any uncertainty left, and this has been clearly demonstrated through many studies which address the climate system. Humans are, in fact, causing in ways never seen before.  

The studies show that current changes are not part of a natural cycle. Climate change deniers need to face the truth, as there is a huge difference between localized and regional changes in the climate, as touched upon by professor of climatology at University College London, Mark Maslin.  

There is agreement among scientists studying climate change in many studies that things such as chimneys, forest clearance, car exhausts and so on are causing global warming.  

Extreme Weather and Climate Change 

Academics studying the climate and climate change cannot deny what is happening to our planet. As per the lead author of a study on “,” , there was a 99 percent consensus among scientists back in 2011 that human beings are causing global warming, in accordance with a 20-year study. So, there is more agreement now than there was at first. There has been strong research on global warming and climate change since, in addition to increasing extreme weather conditions and heatwaves.  

Cook mentioned how know-how in science studying climate change is increasing. Consequently, agreement regarding global warming being caused by humans is increasing, too. Unfortunately, there are still climate change deniers but on the plus side, public understanding is increasing. This is important.  

We must take care of our planet, and the first step is to accept that it is much more difficult to deny climate change and global warming are occurring today.  

Sources: 

https://grist.org/article/theres-no-doubt-left-about-scientific-consensus-on-global-warming–anymore/ 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190724131624.htm